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We use unique data on the travel history of confirmed patients at a daily frequency across 31 provinces in China to study how spatial interactions influence the geographic spread of pandemic COVID-19. We develop and simultaneously estimate a structural model of dynamic disease transmission network formation and spatial interaction. This allows us to understand what externalities the disease risk associated with a single place may create for the entire country. We find a positive and significant spatial interaction effect that strongly influences the duration and severity of pandemic COVID-19. And there exists heterogeneity in this interaction effect: the spatial spillover effect from the source province is significantly higher than from other provinces. Further counterfactual policy analysis shows that targeting the key province can improve the effectiveness of policy interventions for containing the geographic spread of pandemic COVID-19, and the effect of such targeted policy decreases with an increase in the time of delay.
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COVID‐19 has caused major disruptions to agricultural supply chains around the world. Researchers and policy‐makers are interested in identifying means to reduce the disruptive effects caused by the pandemic. We investigate the impacts of COVID‐19 on the operation of e‐commerce stores (in short, e‐stores) specialising in agricultural inputs. The difference‐in‐differences method (DID) is employed to estimate the causal relationship between COVID‐19 and online sales of agricultural inputs using data from 54,244 agricultural input e‐stores registered in 118 prefecture‐level cities across 15 provinces and hosted on two major Chinese e‐commerce platforms. The results show that COVID‐19 led to a substantial growth in monthly sales of agricultural input e‐stores, and this growth of online sales varied across store scales and by types of agricultural inputs. In particular, e‐stores selling seeds and seedlings experienced a larger growth in sales than stores selling agricultural machinery and implements, and the mid‐ and larger‐scaled e‐stores experienced more growth of sales than micro‐ and small‐scaled e‐stores. Further analysis reveals that the growth of online sales of agricultural inputs was driven mainly by an increase in the quantity of customer orders (QCO). The findings of this paper underscore the importance of e‐commerce in ensuring the resilience of the agricultural supply chain during the pandemic period.
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À la fin de mai 2020, les cas de COVID-19 chez les résident·es des établissements de soins de longue durée (SLD) en Ontario représentaient 5 157 des 28 499 cas de la province. En Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.), il y avait 339 cas chez les résident·es de ces établissements, comparativement à un total provincial de 2 562 cas. Bien que le secteur des SLD de ces deux provinces présente certaines différences, cet article passe en revue les politiques de dotation en personnel des SLD dans chacune des deux provinces avant la pandémie et compare leurs mesures de prévention de la COVID-19 ayant trait à la dotation pour 2020. Aux politiques de l'Ontario avant 2020 correspondent des ratios personnel-patients inférieurs à ceux de la Colombie-Britannique, ce qui peut avoir eu un effet limitant sur les réactions de l'Ontario à la pandémie. L'établissement de normes ou de lignes directrices ainsi qu'une modification du financement pourraient améliorer la résilience du secteur des SLD en matière de dotation en personnel.Alternate :By late May 2020, COVID-19 cases among long-term care (LTC) residents in Ontario constituted 5,157 of the province's 28,499 cases. In British Columbia (B.C.), there were 339 cases among LTC residents compared with a provincial total of 2,562 cases. While the LTC sectors in these two provinces have some differences, this article reviews their pre-pandemic LTC staffing policies and compares their staffing-related COVID-19 prevention measures in 2020. Ontario's policies before 2020 corresponded with lower staff-to-patient ratios than B.C., which may have constrained Ontario's pandemic responses. Implementation of standards or guidelines and changes to funding could help achieve LTC sector staffing resiliency.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has exerted significant downward pressure on economic activity. In this paper, we examine the extent of the epidemic shock and recovery effects on economic growth by province in China since 2020. We find that the extent of the epidemic shock on economic growth in China has been gradually weakening. Still, the economy has not yet fully recovered from the shock. Also, there is some heterogeneity across provinces in the extent to the economic growth shocked by epidemic and the recovery effects.
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This study adopts a spatial dynamic panel data model with common factors and a connectivity matrix based on cross-province population flows to help explain the spread of COVID-19 infections across Italian provinces during the period 2020–21. We find that an increase in the infections in a province has a positive and statistically significant effect on neighbours' infections, which highlights the relevance of spatial spillover effects. This finding is robust to several robustness checks. Furthermore, we investigate cross-provincial transmission heterogeneity using a heterogeneous spatial dynamic panel, which provides novel insights into the diffusion patterns of the disease. © 2023 Regional Studies Association.
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En este trabajo se estiman los efectos spillovers (de derrame) del COVID-19 sobre pleo formal e informal) e ingresos reales de un grupo de provincias del Perú denominadas "tratadas o de tratamiento", en el período del virus 2020-II-2021-IV. Estos spillovers se asocian al comportamiento de las personas que incumplieron el confinamiento, se aglomeraron en espacios relativamente pequeños, no usaron medidas de protección contra el COVID-19. Las mediciones de estos efectos se apoyan en Cao y Dowd (2019) y en la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del INEI-ENAHO (2022) del período 2011.I-2021-IV, que es la base de datos principal del estudio. Dos resultados principales del estudio son, por un lado, que el COVID-19 y las políticas de confinamiento y transferencias a pobres y empresas contribuyeron en promedio en más del 50 % del decrecimiento del empleo total, el formal y el ingreso real (de la población económicamente activa ocupada provincial), y al incremento de la informalidad para el grupo de provincias tratadas. Por otro lado, los efectos spillovers atenuaron los efectos negativos de la disminución del empleo formal y del ingreso real de dichas provincias.Alternate abstract:This paper estimates the spillovers effects of COVID-19 on employment (total, formal, and informal) and real income of a group of Peruvian provinces called "treated or treatment" in the period of the virus 2020- II-2021-IV. These spillovers are associated with the behavior of people who broke the confinement, crowded into relatively small spaces, and did not use protective measures against COVID-19. The measurements of these effects are based on Cao and Dowd (2019), and on the INEI-ENAHO National Household Survey (2022) for the period 2011.1-2021-IV, which is the main database of the study. Two main results of the study are, on the one hand, that COVID-19 and the confinement policies and transfers to the poor and companies contributed on average to more than 50% of the decrease in total employment, formal employment, and real income (of the economically active population employed in the province), and to the increase in informality for the group of provinces covered. On the other hand, the spillovers effects attenuated the negative effects of the decrease in formal employment and real income in said provinces.
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Following the incarceration of former president Jacob Zuma, his supporters were angered, which resulted in riots and looting in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Gauteng provinces. With South Africa already reeling from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, the unexpected unrest caused further devastation to the country. This paper aimed to encourage and assist fellow South Africans in understanding the devastation and lasting effects caused by the unrest. Therefore, the engagement in civil unrest in such magnitudes can be avoided for the country's wellbeing. In light of this paper's purpose, this study collected data through the means of desktop research. This meant extracting information from journals, news reports, internet sources and scholarly publications. Based on the literature collected and analysed, it was deduced the riots and looting in July 2021 have negatively affected the South African economy and businesses, in particular small businesses. Some of the main factors depicting this impact include the following insights. An estimated 150 000 jobs were at risk within the KZN region alone. In terms of small businesses, they accounted for 89% of businesses impacted in the two provinces in which the unrest took place. More so, all together, small firms on a monthly basis stood to lose an amount of R3.4 billion in the attempt to resume business operations. This led to many small businesses facing closure. Regarding the economy, the unrest caused the rand to depreciate by 2.4%, which has adverse short and long term effects on the South African economy. These findings are critical as they provide insight into South Africa's current circumstances and what could be expected in the years to come. The main recommendation made in this paper advocated that small businesses adopt a mindset of anticipation and containment. A mindset of anticipation requires constant identification of all potential emergencies and problems, while a mindset of containment entails the embracement of adaptability and flexibility when responding to a crisis. Therefore, the adoption of an anticipation and containment mindset aids in the development of capabilities to deal with loss and commitment to resilience.
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Canada was among the earliest countries to report a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) on 25 January 2020. By April 18, Canada reported 31,927 cases and 1,310 deaths, the 13th highest in the world. While numbers have since increased, the public health tragedy which has played out in the USA has provided some comfort that it could be far worse. Despite sharing the world's longest undefended border with the world's Covid-19 epicentre, cases and deaths per million population in Canada remain 2.5 and 3.2 times lower. This will not be fully explained until the pandemic eventually plays out, but clear differences in each country's response can be discerned. From a public health perspective, Canada's pandemic response has been shaped by lessons from the 2003 SARS outbreak which caused 44 deaths in Toronto. The Public Health Agency of Canada was subsequently formed, along with new public health bodies in three provinces including the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and Public Health Ontario. These capacities added to Canada's publicly-funded and universally accessible health care system. By contrast, the epidemic monitoring and command groups within the US National Security Council and Department of Homeland Security, set up by the Obama Administration following the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, was largely dismantled in 2018 by the Trump Administration.
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This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 related information measures on the S&P/TSX Composite Index return and volatility from a local market perspective. The analysis is conducted on a Canadian provincial, regional, and national level using various measures related to the COVID-19 coronavirus, such as the infectiousness of the virus, stringency of government policies, and market sentiment, to identify the main drivers of the Canadian stock market. Our empirical results show that the measures impacting stock market return and volatility differ, with return driven primarily by market sentiment, and volatility driven by the infectiousness of the virus. These results are counter to the commonly held belief of returns being driven by fundamental macroeconomic variables and volatility being driven by market sentiment. While a formal test to determine the cause of the results is not conducted, the results could have potentially been fueled by the irrational behavior of investors who were looking to cash out on riskier stock market investments or shift them to safe assets.
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The present article intends to examine the impact of market size, openness, inflation rate, political stability, level of corruption, population, and level of human capital, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on tax revenue. This research is a quantitative research with a multiplier linear regression model. The sample used includes provinces in Indonesia from 2014 to 2019 with 180 observations. Model testing is done with FEM – GLS Heteros and Autoregressive model. The results show that market size, openness, inflation rate, corruption level, population, and human capital and FDI have a positive effect on tax revenue. The effect of the inflation rate is not according to the research hypothesis. This shows that a stable inflation rate is one possibility that has a positive relationship to tax revenue. When the price of goods or services rises but is still within a controllable threshold, it will increase the amount of income and of course tax revenue. Meanwhile, political stability has no effect on tax revenue. So that political stability is not the key to tax revenue. Political stability has a weak influence on low and middle-income countries. As for the level of corruption, there are new findings which have a positive effect on tax revenue. The level of corruption is measured by the number of corruption crimes handled by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), while the handling of corruption is not only carried out by the KPK. The actual impact of corruption shall be observed through analyzing personal income tax instead. © 2022, Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management. All Rights Reserved.
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The COVID-19 pandemic posed huge hurdles to green economic recovery and the tourism sector. This paper examines challenges in the Zhejiang, Fujian, and Shandong provinces of China' coastal tourism and green economic growth in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess this impact, the study used econometrics models based on the Chinese provincial data from March 2020 to April 2021. According to the results, coastal tourism's related income fell drastically regardless of where the people live. Fisherman's earnings dropped by 26%, while captains and owner's earnings dropped by 49% on average. This also resulted in a shortage of food supply that endangered food security. During the pandemic, the number and duration of tourism trips dropped in all study locations. In addition, results indicated that in the wake of COVID-19, lower economic growth and recessions resulted in a significant decline in green investments. The paper proposes that to achieve green recovery and the recovery of the tourism sector, the local and central governments need to increase green investments and the literacy of the people in charge of coastal tourism.
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Mental health walk-in clinics (MHWCs) provide unscheduled and immediate support to children and families and remove common administrative barriers. This study explored the implementation of MHWCs across Ontario, CA. A brief provincial survey was conducted to identify agencies that provided MHWCs, which were then invited to complete an in-depth survey. The in-depth survey questions were formatted as multiple choice, yes/no, Likert scale, and open-ended questions, taking 20–25 min with the option of online or phone-based completion. A total of 18 (86%) agencies participated in the in-depth survey between September 2020 and April 2021. MHWCs are being used to provide timely and accessible services, as well as to serve as a point of intake. MHWCs are provided in different locations (e.g. agencies, schools) using different modalities (e.g. consulting break) and approaches (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy, narrative therapy, solution focused therapy). Most agencies quickly adapted to COVID-19 restrictions by providing virtual MHWCs. The most common reasons for implementing MHWCs were to reduce waitlists, the strong evidence base, and an effort to meet families' needs. Different benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of MHWCs were reported. The results of this provincial study help better understand the implementation of MHWCs and how agencies adapted to COVID-19 and associated restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Advances in Mental Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ABSTRACT
PurposeVarying stakeholders have highlighted how recovery-oriented mental health services such as youth mental health services have traditionally focused on supporting individual resources to promote recovery (e.g., agency) to the exclusion of addressing structural issues that influence recovery (e.g. poverty). One response to this criticism has been work helping people with mental health problems recover a sense of citizenship and sense of belonging in their communities. Work on citizenship has yet to influence youth mental healthcare in Canada's provinces and territories. This paper aims to highlight ways that youth mental healthcare can better help youth recover a sense of citizenship.Design/methodology/approachThe arguments described in this paper were established through discussion and consensus among authors based on clinical experience in youth mental health and an understanding of Canada's healthcare policy landscape, including current best practices as well as guidelines for recovery-oriented care by the Mental Health Commission of Canada.FindingsHere, this study proposes several recommendations that can help young with mental health problems recover their sense of citizenship at the social, systems and service levels. These include addressing the social determinants of health;developing a citizenship-based system of care;addressing identity-related disparities;employing youth community health workers within services;adapting and delivering citizenship-based interventions;and connecting youth in care to civic-oriented organizations.Originality/valueThis paper provides the first discussion of how the concept of citizenship can be applied to youth mental health in Canada in multiple ways. The authors hope that this work provides momentum for adopting policies and practices that can help youth in Canada recover a sense of citizenship following a mental health crisis.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine incidence of COVID-19 in relationship to geographical distribution among Spain. METHOD: Cluster analysis taking into consideration the incidence of COVID-19 in the provinces and autonomous cities of Spain in each of the first six waves of the pandemic. RESULTS: All the provinces of the Canary Islands, Catalonia and Andalusia form independent clusters. In Comunidad Valenciana, Galicia, País Vasco and Aragón two out of three provinces (three out of four in Galicia) were in the same cluster, with no other provinces. DISCUSSION: The incidence of COVID-19 in Spain in the first six waves forms clusters that reproduce the territorial division of Spain into autonomous communities. Although this could be explained by greater mobility within a community, it cannot be ruled out that this distribution is due to differences in screening, diagnosis, registration or reporting of COVID-19 cases.
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COVID-19 pandemisinin tüm dünyaya yayılmasıyla ekonomik faaliyetlerde küresel bazda önemli deǧişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Türkiye bu durumdan global ve lokal bazda önemli düzeyde etkilenen ülkelerdendir. Çeşitli ekonomik faaliyet kollarında iş yeri ve istihdam sayıları bu etkinin gözlenebildiǧi önemli göstergelerdendir. Bu çalışmada;pandeminin hemen öncesi (2019 yılı) ile hızlı ve yoǧun olarak görüldüǧü erken dönem (2020 yılı) iş yeri sayıları ve zorunlu sigortalı çalışan sayıları, iller bazında incelenerek faaliyet kollarına göre pandeminin etkisinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem olarak istatistiksel veri analizi ve veri madenciliǧi tekniklerinden çok boyutlu ölçekleme ve kümeleme analizleri kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntemler yardımıyla elde edilen bulgular görselleştirilmiş ve çalışmanın amacı doǧrultusunda yorumlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, iki yılın verileri karşılaştırıldıǧında, toplamda iş yeri sayısı ve zorunlu sigortalı çalışan sayısının arttıǧı görülmüştür. Faaliyet kolları bazında sonuçlar incelendiǧinde deǧişimlerdeki pandemi etkisi göze çarpmaktadır. Mobiliteye dayalı ve pandemi tedbirlerinin engellediǧi faaliyet alanlarının iş yeri ve çalışan sayısı bakımından azalma yönünde etkilendiǧi görülmüştür. Öte yandan bu kısıtlamaların özellikle perakendecilik sektörlerini dijital ortamlara taşıyarak e-ticarette büyümeye sebep olması, posta ve kargo faaliyetlerinde yüksek oranlı artışa neden olmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra evde bakım faaliyetlerinin de pandemi etkisiyle en fazla artışın olduǧu kollardan olduǧu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Alternate :With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world, significant changes have occurred globally with regard to economic activities. Turkey is one of the countries to be affected by this situation on a global and local basis. The number of workplaces and employment in various segments of economic activity are important indicators through which this impact can be observed. These changes have occurred locally in different regions and different lines of business. This study aims to reveal the pandemic's impact by examining by province the number of workplaces and number of employees with compulsory insurance just before the pandemic (2019) and in the pandemic's early period in 2020 when it was seen spread rapidly and intensely. The study uses multidimensional scaling and clustering analyses from the statistical data analysis and data mining techniques as the research methods. The findings obtained with these methods have been visualized and interpreted in line with the purpose of the study. When comparing the data of these two years in accordance with the obtained results, the number of workplaces and the number of employees with compulsory insurance were seen to have increased overall. When examining the results on the basis of operating segments, the pandemic is seen to have had a striking impact with regard to the changes, with the operation segments based on mobility and on those prohibited by the pandemic measures being observed to have been affected by a decrease in terms of the numbers of workplaces and employees. Meanwhile, these restrictions led to growth in e-commerce, particularly by moving retail sectors to digital environments, and this caused a high rate of increase in postal and cargo activities. Home care activities were additionally concluded to be among the segments with the highest increase due to the pandemic's effects.
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Purpose: This study aims to establish the relationship between house acquisitions by foreigners (HAF) and house price index (HPI) in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the nature of this study, the data spans from January 2020 to March 2022. The house price index and the number of foreign house acquisitions across three provinces: Ankara, Izmir and Bursa, and national-level data were obtained from the TurkStat database. Consumer price index (CPI) and Turkish interest rates are control variables. In addition, monthly Turkish interest rates and CPI were obtained from the investing.com and TurkStat database, respectively. Furthermore, this study used autoregressive-distributed lag and Toda Yamamoto Granger causality models to avoid analysis bias. HPI and HAF are the variables used to accomplish the objectives of this study. Findings: This study established a short-run equilibrium between foreign house acquisitions at the provincial and national levels. The short-run deviations were adjusted faster, ranging from 57.53% to 89.24% for some provinces, while Izmir is struggling to adjust at 6.48%. Both unidirectional and bidirectional Granger causality evidence suggests that the Turkish house price index increases at the national and provincial levels. This finding suggests the need for continuous policy intervention in the Turkish housing market because house prices play a pivotal role in Turkish economic development and daily lives. Research limitations/implications: This study's scope and single-country study are its limitations. However, those limitations make the findings appropriate for the country of the study rather than generalising the results. Practical implications: The study provides empirical evidence that foreign housing acquisition contributes negatively to housing affordability in Turkey and calls for authority intervention. This is because housing is considered shelter, a fundamental need to which citizens are expected to be entitled. Most citizens are low- and medium-income earners who may be unable to afford a house out of their income if it becomes costly. Once the expenditure to secure housing exceeds 30% of their income, it is considered unaffordable. Originality/value: To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first empirical study that established the influence of foreign house acquisitions on Turkish house price increases and adversely reduced house affordability by Turkish citizens. The study is the first on foreign Turkish housing acquisition that used both theory of ownership and justice motivation theory to explain HAF. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.
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This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of macroeconomic revamping policies operationalized after the pandemic by fiscal and monetary regulators to fight the pandemic in China. This study aims to assess what the Chinese economic recovery implies after the pandemic regarding economic expansion and energy consumption of different economies utilizing an econometric approximation relying on data throughout the COVID-19 phase. Within the extended stage, Chinese economic development spillover impacts attain the same effect on upper-middle-income nations' economic expansion of 0.18 percent, next to the economic development, of lower-middle-income countries of 0.15 percent and high-income nations. We discover proofs of robust direct provincial spillovers, implying that provinces tend to construct a cluster of high-performing and low-performing areas, a procedure that accentuates regional earnings variances. Applying the experience of revamping previous financial crisis, we replicate the impact of the pandemic on the competence of these, and by far, other upper limit income nations to build back better from the pandemic to jobs occasioned by proofs of the pandemic. The spillover impact of China’s economic revival past the pandemic phase's carries a critical effect on the expansion in energy consumption in high-income nations, subsequently middle-income nations. As total factor productivity headwinds underpin economic growth, fiscal policy is the only policy that probably sustains the pollution intensities and concurrently advances household well-being regarding consumption and jobs.
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Renewable energy consumption is considered as the main form of energy consumption in the future. The carbon emissions produced by renewable energy can be approximately ignored, and renewable energy is essential for regional sustainable development. In this study, we used the Durbin model with panel data to explore the spatial dependence between renewable energy consumption the and carbon emissions of China’s 30 provinces from 1997 to 2017. The results show that: (1) there is a negative spatial correlation between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions, and “High-Low” areas are mainly concentrated in southern provinces in 1997–2011;(2) the center of gravity of renewable energy consumption moves southwest, which is consistent with the center of gravity of carbon emissions;(3) renewable energy consumption has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emissions of a local region, but the spatial spillover effect is not significant. Specifically, a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption in a region will reduce carbon emissions by 0.05%. Finally, on the basis of this study, it was proposed to give full play to the advantages of renewable energy in the western region, and further accelerate the development of the renewable energy industry.
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Emergency response capability evaluation is an essential means to strengthen emergency response capacity-building and improve the level of government administration. Based on the whole life cycle of emergency management, the emergency capability evaluation index system is constructed from four aspects: prevention and emergency preparedness, monitoring and early warning, emergency response and rescue, and recovery and reconstruction. Firstly, the entropy method is applied to measure the emergency response capability level of 31 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2020. Second, the Theil index and ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) are applied in exploring the regional differences and spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of China's emergency response capacity. Finally, the obstacle degree model is used to explore the obstacle factors and obstacle degrees that affect the emergency response capability. The results show that: (1) The average value of China's emergency response capacity is 0.277, with a steady growth trend and a gradient distribution of "high in the east, low in the west, and average in center and northeast" in the four major regions. (2) From the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, the unbalanced regional development leads to the obvious aggregation effect of "high-efficiency aggregation and low-efficiency aggregation", and the interaction of the "centripetal effect" and "centrifugal effect" finally forms the spatial clustering result of emergency response capability level in China. (3) Examining the source of regional differences, inter-regional differences are the decisive factor affecting the overall differences in emergency response capability, and the inter-regional differences show a reciprocating fluctuation of narrowing-widening-narrowing from 2011 to 2020. (4) Main obstacles restricting the improvement of China's emergency response capabilities are "the business volume of postal and telecommunication services per capita", "the daily disposal capacity of city sewage" and "the general public budget revenue by region". The extent of the obstacles' impacts in 2020 are 12.19%, 7.48%, and 7.08%, respectively. Based on the evaluation results, the following countermeasures are proposed: to realize the balance of each stage of emergency management during the holistic process; to strengthen emergency coordination and balanced regional development; and to implement precise measures to make up for the shortcomings of emergency response capabilities.